X-RAY Vertebral heart score & VLAS

Dog reference ≈ 8.5–10.5 v (breed-dependent; Boxer, Bulldog, Cavalier, Labrador run higher). Cat 7.5 ± 0.3 v. VLAS > 2.3 v suggests left atrial enlargement (dog); ≥ 3.0 v strongly supports it.

ECHO LA:Ao and fractional shortening

LA:Ao < 1.5 normal · ≥ 1.6 enlarged (short-axis, 2-D). FS dog ≈ 25–45 % (Boxer/Dobermann lower). ACVIM stage B2 (MMVD): LA:Ao ≥ 1.6 + normalised LVIDd ≥ 1.7 + VHS > 10.5.

US Kidney & adrenal size vs body weight

Kidney: dog kidney-length : aortic-diameter ratio 5.5–9.1 (Mareschal 2007) or 2.5–3.5 × L2 on radiographs; cat 3.0–4.3 cm (2.4–3.0 × L2; older/neutered 1.9–2.6). Adrenal caudal-pole thickness upper limits (dog): < 10 kg ≈ 5.4 mm · 10–30 kg ≈ 6.8 mm · > 30 kg ≈ 8.0 mm; cat ≈ 4.3–4.8 mm. Sources: Soulsby 2015, Bento 2016, Combes 2012 — educational, confirm locally.

CT Hounsfield unit lookup

US GI wall thickness check

Upper limits (approx.): dog stomach 5 mm, duodenum 5 mm, jejunum 4.1 mm (> 20 kg 4.7), colon 2–3 mm; cat stomach 4.4 mm (interrugal 2), duodenum/jejunum 2.5 mm, colon 1.7 mm. Cat muscularis thicker than submucosa (≳ 1 mm) = IBD vs lymphoma → sample.

REPORT C.R.A.F.T. report builder

Architecture — findings by region (A)Marked generalised cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement: dorsal displacement of the caudal trachea and left main-stem bronchus, loss of the caudal cardiac waist. Pulmonary veins larger than the accompanying arteries. Unstructured interstitial to alveolar pattern in the perihilar and caudodorsal lung fields. No pleural effusion. Osseous structures unremarkable.